|
 
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| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
|
| Year : 2016 | Volume
: 36
| Issue : 4 | Page : 145-151 |
|
In vitro antibacterial and anticancer activity of copper oxide nanostructures in human breast cancer Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 cells
J Emima Jeronsia, DJ Vidhya Raj, L Allwin Joseph, K Rubini, S Jerome Das
Department of Physics, Loyola College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| Date of Submission | 30-Nov-2015 |
| Date of Decision | 04-Feb-2016 |
| Date of Acceptance | 19-Jul-2016 |
| Date of Web Publication | 23-Aug-2016 |
Correspondence Address:
S Jerome Das
Department of Physics, Loyola College, Chennai - 600 034, Tamil Nadu
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/1011-4564.188899
Objective: The use of nanoparticles (NPs) in cancer diagnosis and treatment is a rapidly developing area of nanotechnology. The main objective of this research work is to synthesize copper oxide (CuO) NPs and to investigate its vitro anticancer and antibacterial property. Methods: The CuO NPs were synthesized via a facile and cost-effective precipitation method using cupric acetate (monohydrate) (CuAc 2 .2H 2 O), sodium hydroxide, and glacial acetic acid. By varying the pH of the precursor solution, the morphology, particle size, and reaction rate of the NPs could be well tailored. The prepared CuO NPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. Results: The results revealed a well crystalline structure with leaf-like morphology. By controlling the pH of the solution, particle size and morphology of the NPs are altered. The synthesized CuO NPs have been screened for its antibacterial potency against Gram-positive (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative (Salmonella Paratyphi, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Enterobacter aerogenes) bacterial strains. The as-synthesized NPs were found to be remarkable in inhibiting pathogenic bacteria. The anticancer activity reveals the dose-dependent influence of CuO NPs against human breast cancer cell line Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7). Conclusions: The results suggested that CuO NPs have a wide range of antibacterial applications which can be used to control the spread and infection of a variety of bacterial strains. The CuO NPs showed promising anticancer activity against human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). Overall, CuO NPs are an effective candidate for pharmaceutical, biomedical, and environmental applications. Keywords: Copper oxide, precipitation method, antibacterial efficacy, anticancer activity
How to cite this article:
Jeronsia J E, Vidhya Raj D J, Joseph L A, Rubini K, Das S J. In vitro antibacterial and anticancer activity of copper oxide nanostructures in human breast cancer Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 cells. J Med Sci 2016;36:145-51 |
How to cite this URL:
Jeronsia J E, Vidhya Raj D J, Joseph L A, Rubini K, Das S J. In vitro antibacterial and anticancer activity of copper oxide nanostructures in human breast cancer Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 cells. J Med Sci [serial online] 2016 [cited 2023 Sep 25];36:145-51. Available from: https://www.jmedscindmc.com/text.asp?2016/36/4/145/188899 |
| Introduction | |  |
Cancer is a key cause for the leading mortality rate, among other scourges of humanity, which requires immediate intervention. Nowadays, breast cancer persists to be the most important cause of death globally. [1] According to the reports available, the use of existing chemotherapy drugs has their disadvantages such as high cost, perniciousness, and severe side effects. It is essential to discover alternative therapies, nanodrugs, and nanoformulations for drug delivery to conquer the situation. The proper combination of nanomaterials and biology will not only toughen the fight against pathogenic microorganism but can also render an outcome toward combating infectious diseases. [2]
In the broad-spectrum of biologically active nanoparticles (NPs), metal NPs such as Ag, Au, and Cu are the most sought after nanomaterials and increasingly used in medical and consumer products because of their high surface to volume ratio with small dimension. [3],[4],[5],[6],[7],[8],[9],[10] Latterly, metal oxide NPs as an antimicrobial and anticancer agent has drawn considerable interest as a result of their unprecedented performance, enhanced properties, life cycle cost, and uniquely large applicability in various industrial fields and biomedical applications. Despite the great progress in nanotechnologies, to date, there is still a lack of definite knowledge on the effects of copper oxide (CuO) NPs on cancer cell lines. The previous history of NPs research shows that they seem to have relative toxicity to cancer cells, without affecting the healthy cells. Noteworthy attention is directed toward CuO NPs as it is approximately 10-fold cheaper than silver and gold in the market and therefore, a method utilizing CuO would prove to be quite cost-effective. Moreover, CuO NPs have been investigated as antibacterial agent both against Gram-negative and Gram-positive microorganism and have high sensitivity even in the low concentration of CuO NPs; it is of special interest to view CuO NPs as anticancer agent, as well as an inorganic disinfectant. [11],[12],[13],[14],[15],[16],[17]
CuO is a p-type semiconductor with a narrow band gap (1.2 eV) and has been subjected to extensive investigations for its prospective applications in various fields such as gas sensors, catalysis, batteries, high-temperature superconductors, solar energy conversion, photovoltaic devices and field emission emitters. [18],[19],[20],[21],[22] Different methods have been proposed to synthesize CuO NPs such as hydrothermal synthesis, [23] sonochemical synthesis, [24] sol-gel method, [25] thermal decomposition, [26] colloidal thermal synthesis, [27] microwave irradiation, [28] thermal decomposition, [29] solution method, [30] and quick precipitation method. [31],[32],[33],[34] Among these methods, hydrothermal and quick-precipitation methods have significance in safety and eco-friendly nature. Quick-precipitation is especially more attractive because of its fast, convenient, ease of mass production, cost-effectiveness, and environmentally friendly path to produce CuO NPs.
In this present work, CuO NPs with varying pH were synthesized by precipitation method to better understand the influence of pH for their applicability in increasing antibacterial activity against Gram-positive (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative (Salmonella Paratyphi, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Enterobacter aerogenes) bacterial strains. Cytocompatibility of the synthesized CuO NPs was investigated against human breast cancer cell line Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7). Indeed, the results reveal conclusive evidence of the cytotoxic effect of CuO NPs against the MCF-7 cancer cell line.
| Materials and Methods | | |
Materials
The starting materials used in this work were cupric acetate (monohydrate) (CuAc 2 .2H 2 O), sodium hydroxide, and glacial acetic acid obtained from Merck, India. All the chemicals were of analytical grade reagents commercially available and used without further purification. Double distilled water was used for the preparation of all aqueous solutions.
Preparation of copper oxide nanoparticles
A typical synthesis of CuO NPs was carried out as follows: 0.1 mol/L of cupric acetate and 0.2 mol/L of glacial acetic acid were dissolved in 50 ml of double distilled water. The effect of pH on NPs synthesis was determined by adjusting the pH of the reaction mixtures to 9, 10, 11, and 12. The solutions were stirred vigorously at room temperature for 3 h. The formation of CuO NPs was visually confirmed by the color change from green solution into a black precipitate. The process of centrifugation in the double distilled water was repeated thrice to ensure better separation of free entities from the solution. The obtained precipitate was placed in an oven at 60°C for 12 h and calcined at 200°C for 3 h and subsequently, the product was crushed into fine powder. The powdered CuO NPs were subjected to further studies.
Analysis of copper oxide nanoparticles
Preliminary characterization of CuO NPs was carried out using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy; the measurement was done by Perkin Elmer Lambda 25 UV-Vis spectrometer from 200 to 800 nm. The Chou NPs synthesized by maintaining a solution pH of 12 was mixed with KBr and converted into pellet form by using bench process. Thereafter, the formed pellet was used to test for the functional groups by Fourier transform infrared analysis (FTIR) spectroscopy; the spectrum was recorded between 4000 and 400 cm−1 . The X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra were recorded on Rich Seifert diffractometer using monochromatic CuKα (λ =1.5406 Å) radiation. The data were collected in the 2θ range from 10 to 80° by using CuO powder. The morphology of the CuO NPs was visualized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) without sputter coating because the NPs were self-conducting.
Antibacterial activity
The antibacterial activity of the synthesized CuO NPs was determined using the disc diffusion assay method. All glassware, media, and reagents used were sterilized in an autoclave at 121°C for 15 min. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (Gram-positive), S. aureus (Gram-positive), B. subtilis (Gram-positive), Salmonella Paratyphi (Gram-negative), K. pneumonia (Gram-negative), and E. aerogenes (Gram-negative) were used as model test strains for both gram classes bacteria. Microbes were swabbed by means of cotton. Paper discs of 6 mm dimension were inserted with different amounts (1.25, 2.5 and 5 mg/ml) of CuO NPs. The plates were then incubated at 37°C for 24 h, and they were examined for the evidence of zones of inhibition, which appear as a clear area around the discs. The diameter of the clearing zones was measured in mm using the ruler scale.
Cell culture
MCF-7 human breast cancer cell lines were obtained from the National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India. The cells were maintained in minimal essential medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, penicillin (100 U/ml), and streptomycin (100 μg/ml) in a humidified atmosphere of 50 μg/ml CO 2 at 37°C (Hi Media Laboratories, Mumbai, India). All of other chemicals and reagents were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich.
Dimethyl thiazolyl tetrazolium bromide assay
Dimethyl thiazolyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was performed to evaluate the cell viability and the inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ). Cells (1 × 10 5 /well) was plated in 96-well plates and incubated for 24 h at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere of 95% air and 5% CO 2 . After the human breast cancer cell, MCF-7 cells reach the confluence they were treated with a series of 10-500 μg/ml concentration of CuO NPs. A volume of 100 μl/well MTT was added to the cultures and incubated for 4 h and then 1 ml of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was added to all the wells. The absorbance at 570-620 nm was measured using UV-spectrophotometer with DMSO as blank. Measurements were performed, and the concentration required for a 50% inhibition (IC 50 ) has been determined graphically.
| Results and Discussion | | |
X-ray diffraction pattern analysis
The XRD patterns of as-prepared CuO powders obtained at different pH values are depicted in [Figure 1]. The diffraction peaks of all samples were indexed, and it is found that the samples belonging to the monoclinic crystal system with lattice constants in Å as a = 4.662, b = 3.416, c = 5.118, and β = 99.49°. The diffraction peaks match with JCPDS file number 652309. The patterns explain a high purity of the samples since no additional peaks were present. The particle sizes were estimated from Scherrer formula: D = 0.9 λ/β cosθ. | Figure 1: X-ray diffraction pattern of copper oxide nanoparticles at different pH
Click here to view |
Where D is the average grain size, λ is the wavelength of X-ray, θ and β are the diffraction angle and full width at half maximum of the corresponding peaks. The diffraction peaks of the NPs were significantly broadened owing to the finite NPs size. Sharper CuO diffraction peaks were observed when the pH was maintained at 12. It is ascertained that the particle size can be varied as a function of pH of the medium [Figure 2].
Ultraviolet-visible spectrum
The UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectrum of CuO nanostructures grown at different pH is shown in [Figure 3]. The spectra of all samples exhibit a single absorption band centered at about 383 nm. According to the equation αEp = A (Ep − Eg)½ (where α is the absorption coefficient, Ep is the discrete photon energy, Eg is the band gap energy, and A is a constant), the band gap in eV is calculated to be 1.59, 1.62, 1.69, and 1.75 which are higher than bulk CuO (Eg = 1.4 eV). [14] The blue shift behavior of the peak position is observed for the samples formed with the increase of pH due to their changing morphologies, particle size, and surface structure. | Figure 3: Ultraviolet-visible spectra of copper oxide nanoparticles at different pH
Click here to view |
Fourier transform infrared analysis
FTIR analysis was performed to characterize the surface nature of the resulting CuO NPs, depicted as wavenumber versus transmittance in [Figure 4]. A strong absorption band at 532 cm−1 related to the vibrations of the CuO functional group. This confirmed the presence of nano-sized CuO particles. An intense and broadband contour which appears in the range of 3200-3550 cm−1 corresponds to the stretching mode of the hydroxyls of adsorbed water. Peaks appeared at 1410 and 1564 cm−1 corresponding to the C-O stretching of carboxylate ion bond to the CuO NPs as a bidentate ligand. The peak at 1564 cm−1 also represented the formation of a covalent bond between the - OH on the surface of CuO. A similar behavior was also observed by A. El-Trass et al., 2012. | Figure 4: Fourier transform infrared spectrum of copper oxide nanoparticles
Click here to view |
Scanning electron microscope analysis
Typical SEM images of CuO nanostructures prepared at different pH are shown in [Figure 5]. It reveals, there is a systematic evolution of different morphologies with an increase in pH [Figure 5]a. Shows a leaf-like morphology. The width of the leaf decreases as the pH increased. At pH 11, the leaf-like morphology is completely destroyed [Figure 5]c and only needle-like morphology exist when pH of the solution is 12 [Figure 5]d. These results show that the starting pH could not have much effect on the size and shape of the CuO NPs, whereas an increase in pH value could contribute to the formation of needle-shaped CuO NPs. Thus, the increase in pH results in the control of CuO NPs morphology. | Figure 5: Scanning electron microscope images of copper oxide nanostructures at different pH (a) 9 (b) 10 (c) 11 (d) 12
Click here to view |
Antibacterial performance
The antibacterial activity test results of CuO NPs against different Gram-positive (Methicillin-resistant S. aureus, B. subtilis) and Gram-negative (Salmonella Paratyphi, K. pneumonia, E. aerogenes) bacterial strains are shown in [Figure 6]. | Figure 6: Disc diffusion assay for copper oxide nanostructures against bacterial strains
Click here to view |
In the current study, CuO nanostructures with pH 12 alone displayed antibacterial activity against tested strains and the results were given in [Table 1]. A higher inhibition zone of 34 mm was observed in the Gram-positive S. aureus compared to other Gram-negative strains employed in this antibacterial susceptibility assay. For all bacterial strains, the highest activity was observed for 5 mg/ml but in the case of Gram-positive Methicillin-resistant S. aureus higher inhibition zone of 33 mm was observed for the 2.5 mg/ml. Gram-positive (S. aureus, Methicillin-resistant S. aureus, and Bacillus subtili) depicted highest sensitivity to NPs compared to other strains and was more adversely affected by the CuO NPs between the zones of inhibition observed in disc diffusion method. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the synthesized CuO NPs had a significant antibacterial action on both the gram classes of bacteria. The bactericidal effects observed in this study might have been influenced by the release of Cu [2]+ ions in solution. Copper ions released by the NPs may attach to the negatively charged cell wall and rupture it, thereby leading to cell death. The mechanism proposed by [35],[36] the copper ion binds with DNA molecules and lead to disorders of the helical structure by cross-linking within and between the nucleic acid strands and also disrupt the biochemical process. [Figure 6] shown above represents the antibacterial activities of CuO NPs in pathogenic bacterial strains. It is observed that the Gram-positive bacterial strains have higher sensitivity than Gram-negative since the zone of inhibition is large in the former compared with the later. | Table 1: Zone of inhibition of synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles against various pathogenic bacteria
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Cytotoxic activities of synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles against Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 cells
The as-synthesized CuO NPs have been tested for their potent cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 (breast cancer cells) using MTT assay. It is a sensitive colorimetric assay for the determination of the number of viable cells in cell proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. [Figure 7] shows the proliferation rate, relative to nonexposed control cells, evaluated after 24 h and exposure to CuO NPs of various concentrations ranging from (10 μg/ml to 500 μg/ml). The result shows a decrease in proliferation rate with an increase in the concentration of CuO NPs. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) was calculated as the concentration required to inhibit the growth of tumor cells in culture by 50% compared to the untreated cells. CuO NPs at the concentration of 62.5 μg/ml decreased the viability of MCF-7 cells by 50%. | Figure 7: Percentage of viability on Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 cell lines
Click here to view |
The metabolic activity of MCF-7 cells presented a dose-dependent characteristic, which decreased with the decreasing of the dose of CuO NPs incubated with the MCF-7 cells. After 24 h of exposure, cell viability decreases as a result of mitochondrial dysfunction and the results suggest that CuO NPs were able to reduce the cell viability of MCF-7 cells in a dose-dependent mode. [Figure 8] illustrates the images of MCF-7 cells exposed to CuO NPs. The quantification of cellular CuO NPs uptake using the imaging revealed a clear dose-dependent toxic activity. The morphological studies have shown, with the increasing CuO NPs concentration the MCF-7 cells were looking unhealthy and the cells were dying out of the population. The populations of MCF-7 cells were found to be more reduced at 125 μg/ml. | Figure 8: Toxic effect of synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles on Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 cell line
Click here to view |
| Conclusions | | |
In summary, CuO NPs were proven to be a promising anticancer and antibacterial agent. The particle size and morphology of the NPs were controlled by varying the pH of the solution which improved the stability and significant antibacterial activity of bacteria. It was confirmed that the survivability of bacteria decreases with the appending of proficient CuO NPs. Thus, the as-synthesized CuO NPs proved the outstanding antibacterial efficacy, and it was well established by the clear zone of inhibitions against bacterial strains. To this end, the cytotoxic effect of CuO NPs against human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) was remarkable with 50% mortality at 62.5 μg/ml. Therefore, CuO NPs can be a promising candidate for pharmaceutical, biomedical, and environmental applications.
Financial support and sponsorship
This study was supported by the Loyola College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
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[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4], [Figure 5], [Figure 6], [Figure 7], [Figure 8]
[Table 1]
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Cyclodextrin functionalized multi-layered MoS2 nanosheets and its biocidal activity against pathogenic bacteria and MCF-7 breast cancer cells: Synthesis, characterization and in-vitro biomedical evaluation |
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| Kasirajan Kasinathan,Karunakaran Marimuthu,Balaji Murugesan,Nithya Pandiyan,Boomi Pandi,Sundrarajan Mahalingam,Balamurugan Selvaraj | | Journal of Molecular Liquids. 2020; : 114631 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 16 |
Synthesis, microbial susceptibility and anti-cancerous properties of copper oxide nanoparticles- review |
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| Manisha Sharma,Anurag Sharma,Sudip Majumder | | Nano Express. 2020; 1(1): 012003 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 17 |
Recent Advances in the Use of Metallic Nanoparticles with Antitumoral Action - Review |
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| Patricia Bento da Silva,Rachel Temperani Amaral Machado,Andressa Maria Pironi,Renata Carolina Alves,Patricia Rocha de Araújo,Amanda Cutrim Dragalzew,Ingrid Dalberto,Marlus Chorilli | | Current Medicinal Chemistry. 2019; 26(12): 2108 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 18 |
Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles: An Expanding Horizon |
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| Nishant Verma,Nikhil Kumar | | ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering. 2019; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 19 |
Using CuO nanoparticles and hyperthermia in radiotherapy of MCF-7 cell line: synergistic effect in cancer therapy |
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| Hadi Esmaeili Govarchin Ghaleh,Leila Zarei,Bahman Mansori Motlagh,Nasrollah Jabbari | | Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology. 2019; 47(1): 1396 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 20 |
Ultrasound-assisted Ta2O5 nanoparticles and their photocatalytic and biological applications |
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| G. Nagaraju,K. Karthik,M. Shashank | | Microchemical Journal. 2019; 147: 749 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 21 |
Synthesis and characterization of hetero-metal oxide nano-hybrid composite on pectin scaffold |
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| K. Yazhini,S.K. Suja | | Applied Surface Science. 2019; 491: 195 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 22 |
CuO and Au-CuO nanoparticles mediated by Stigmaphyllon ovatum leaf extract and their anticancer potential |
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| Elias E. Elemike,Damian C. Onwudiwe,Nirasha Nundkumar,Moganavelli Singh | | Inorganic Chemistry Communications. 2019; 104: 93 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 23 |
Phyto-mediated synthesized multifunctional Zn/CuO NPs hybrid nanoparticles for enhanced activity for kidney cancer therapy: A complete physical and biological analysis |
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| Yifeng Xue,Guoxin Yu,Zhengfei Shan,Zhonglian Li | | Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology. 2018; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 24 |
Balancing nanotoxicity and returns in health applications: The Prisoner’s Dilemma |
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| D.A. Gkika,L. Magafas,P. Cool,J. Braet | | Toxicology. 2018; 393: 83 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 25 |
Facile microwave-assisted green synthesis of NiO nanoparticles from Andrographis paniculata leaf extract and evaluation of their photocatalytic and anticancer activities |
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| K. Karthik,M. Shashank,V. Revathi,Tetiana Tatarchuk | | Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals. 2018; 673(1): 70 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 26 |
Applying the Taguchi Method to the Optimization of Anticancer Activity of Bacterial Alginate-CuO Bionanocomposite |
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| Amin Golshah, Mojtaba Taran, Mohsen Safaei, Hamid Reza Mozaffari, Mohammad Moslem Imani, Roohollah Sharifi, Hedaiat Moradpoor, Prabhat Upadhyay | | Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2018; 7(1): 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
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